10th Biology notes
12th Biology notes
Evolutionary Biology
Evolutionary biology is a branch of research that shortly followed Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. It concerns the adaptive nature of variation in all animal and plant life, shaped by genetic architecture and developmental processes over time and space. Understanding evolution is critical for understanding biology. Evolution is the only scientific explanation for the diversity of life. It explains the striking similarities among vastly different forms of life, the changes that occur within populations, and the development of new life forms.
Evolution
3.8 Billion years ago
It all started in oceans
Over vast periods of time, our primitive oceans formed. The water remained a gas until the Earth cooled below 212 degrees Fahrenheit. At this time, about 3.8 billion years ago, the water condensed into rain which filled the basins that are now our oceans
chemosynthetic bacteria
3.2 - 3.5 Billions years ago
photosynthetic bacteria
Evidence shows that photosynthetic organisms were present approximately 3.2 to 3.5 billion years ago, in the form of stromatolites, layered structures similar to forms that are produced by some modern cyanobacteria
2.7 Billions years ago
oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria release oxygen in the environment through photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria become the first oxygen producers.
2.7 Billion years ago
Archaea
Archaea constitute a domain of single-celled organisms. These microorganisms lack cell nuclei and are therefore prokaryotes. Archaea were initially classified as bacteria, receiving the name archaebacteria
PROTISTS
Protists are primarily microscopic and unicellular or made up of a single cell. The cells of protists are highly organized with a nucleus and specialized cellular machinery called organelles. .
1 Billion years ago
FUNGI
Fungus, plural fungi, any of about 144,000 known species of organisms of the kingdom Fungi, which includes the yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms.
1.6 Billion years ago
ALGAE
Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis. .
319 Million years ago
GYMNOSPERMAE
Gymnosperms were the first seed plants to have evolved. The earliest seedlike bodies are found in rocks of the Upper Devonian Series
200 Million years ago
ANGIOSPERMAE
Angiosperm, any of about 300,000 species of flowering plants, the largest and most diverse group within the kingdom Plantae.
480 Million years ago
INSECTS
The insect fossil record extends to the Lower Devonian, while the Pterygotes (winged insects) underwent major radiation in the Carboniferous.
540 Million years ago
MOLLUSCS
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. Examples are Squid, Octopus, cuttlefish, Nautilus, spirula, Clams, Oysters, Scallops, geoducks, Mussels, Tusk Shells
420 Million years ago
CARTILAGIONOUS FISHES
The class Chondrichthyes consists of the cartilaginous fishes, including sharks, batoids (rays, skates, guitarfish, and sawfishes), and chimeras, or ratfishes. A diverse group comprising more than 700 species
2010
TELEOST FISHES
Teleost, member of a large and extremely diverse group of ray-finned fishes.
395 Million years ago
AMPHIBIANS
Amphibians are a class of primitive tetrapods (vertebrates with four limbs) that spend at least part of their lives in water and part on land, although some are entirely aquatic or terrestrial. Amphibians provide a biological link between fishes and the true land-living vertebrates
310 Million years ago
REPTILE
Reptiles are air-breathing vertebrates covered in special skin made up of scales, bony plates, or a combination of both. They include crocodiles, snakes, lizards, turtles, and tortoises.
65 Million years ago
BIRDS
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs
210 Million years ago
MAMMALS
Member of the group of vertebrate animals in which the young are nourished with milk from special mammary glands of the mother. In addition to these characteristic milk glands, mammals are distinguished by several other unique features.